Jute dicotyledenous fibre-yielding plant of the genus corchorus, order tiliaceae. Jute was once known as the golden fibre of Bangladesh, since it was the most important cash crop for the country. Jute fibre is produced mainly from two commercially important species, namely white jute (corchours capsularis), and tossa jute (corchorus olitorius). The centre of origin of white jute is said to be Indo-Burma including south china, and that of tossa africa. The word jute is probably coined from the word jhuta or jota, an orrisan word. However, the use of jutta potta cloth was mentioned both in the Bible and Monushanghita-Mahabharat. This indicates the ancient uses of jute materials by the people of these areas. There is evidence of the trade of jute cloth in the 16th century. Ain-i-akbari (1590) mentions sackcloth originating from Bengal. Jute grows under wide variation of climatic conditions and stress of tropic and subtropics.
It is grown in Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Brazil and some other countries. Bangladesh used to enjoy almost a monopoly of this fibre commercially; its share in the export market was 80% in 1947-48 but in 1975-76 it fell to only 25%. This fall in the world market was due to the fact that many countries had started growing jute and allied fibres. The substitutes of jute are multiwalled paper bags, poly-propelin, polythylene, and natural fibres from kenaf, hemp, sida, sunhemp, etc. Jute fibres are used in hessians and gunnies, carpet and rugs, paper, canvas, tarpaulin, handicrafts, etc. Dundi (UK) purchases high class jute of all grades, particularly white and tossa. Belgium, Italy, USA, south America are the buyers of superior quality jute. Jute was cultivated in ancient times in Bengal.
At that time it was more or less a garden plant and its leaves were used as a vegetable and for medicinal purposes.
Jute grows well where the annual rainfall is 1500 mm or more, with at least 250 mm during each of the months of march, April and May. The optimum range of temperature required is 18°-33°c. Jute is cultivated in the rainy season. In Bangladesh sowing usually starts at the end of February and continues up to the end of May, depending on the species.
Jute fibers are totally biodegradable and recyclable materials, i.e., environmentally friendly materials. Jute fibers have good insulating properties for both of thermal and of acoustic energies with moderate moisture regain and no skin irritations. The current annual worldwide production of jute fiber is about 3.2 million tons and used for various applications. Bag cloth industry is the biggest consumer of jute fibers available in the markets. Jute bags have gained an advantage as being an eco-friendly option instead of both of no biodegradable poly bags that are made from petroleum and paper bags that require large quantities of wood. A huge amount of these jute fibers is wasted and is gone to landfill every year, either in the form of slivers resulted from manufacturing of jute cloth or in the form of used cloths after the end-of-life of the jute bags.